Category: news

The introduction of higher A* grade follows an increase in A grades

A new A* grade being awarded in A-levels this year will go to 7% of entries, research suggests.

Students taking maths or languages are the most likely to score top marks.

Almost one in four pupils taking further maths are likely to get an A*, while about one in 10 English literature students will, according to research from exams regulator Ofqual.

The higher grade was brought in to help universities differentiate between the brightest students.

But some universities are not going to take the A* grades into account until they are better established.

Last year, one in four A-level entries in England, Wales and Northern Ireland was awarded an A grade.

Mathematicians

For its study, Ofqual, examined the results of last year's A-levels against the grading system devised for the new arrangements.

It looked at how many of last year's students who scored As would have been given an A* under the new system.

The greatest number of A* grades has been predicted for math students.

More than 72,000 took maths in 2009 and 13% of those would have got anA* under the new marking guidelines, Ofqual said.

More than 10,000 took further maths and, of those, 23% would have got an A*.

In another popular subject – English literature – 9% of students would have got an A*.

In French – taken by more than 14,000 students – 7% of students would have been awarded an A* and in Spanish 8%.

The likelihood of getting an A* is even higher in other languages, including Arabic (13%), Bengali (10%) Japanese (45%) and Persian (29%), although these are taken by far fewer students.

Many of these students already speak the language at home, it is thought.

In Latin, taken by 1,400 students, almost one in four would have earned an A*.

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This is a period of significant change to A-levels

Kathleen TattersallOfqual

Kathleen Tattersall, chair of Ofqual, the regulator for England and Wales, said differences in top grades awarded in different subjects were to be expected.

"It does not mean that some subjects are easier or harder than others; rather it highlights differences in the cohorts taking those subjects," she said.

She added: "This is a period of significant change to A-levels.

"Ofqual and its fellow regulators have been working for four years with the awarding bodies to make sure that the grades awarded this summer, including the new A* grade, are consistent and fair.

"During the summer we will be monitoring the awarding process and the results in order to ensure that the grades candidates achieve are fair to them and are in line with those awarded in previous years."

To get the top grade, students will have to perform well across all their papers,getting at least an A grade, but also score highly on their A2 exams, usually taken in the second year of study.

These are the exams which have been made harder to stretch the brightest students.

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The family of a man originally believed to have died from natural causes in 1993 are “deeply shocked” by a recent arrest.

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Prudential needs shareholder backing for its AIA takeover

Prudential has suspended trading of its Hong Kong-listed shares and confirmed it is in talks to renegotiate its deal to take over AIG's Asia business.

The suspension comes only three days after the UK insurer's shares launched on the Asian markets.

It is currently seeking shareholder backing for its £24.6bn ($35.5bn) takeover of AIA.

But investors are said to be unhappy with the deal, with the amount being paid a particular concern.

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By Andy McFarlaneBBC NewsPolice searches evoked memories of the Yorkshire Ripper murders

The discovery of the remains of a woman – sparking police searches in Bradford's red light district – has brought back chilling memories of the 1970s.

Back then, it took six years to find and convict Peter Sutcliffe, the Yorkshire Ripper, for killing 13 women across the county – mainly prostitutes – and trying to murder seven more.

He had been in jail for three years by the time Fiona started walking the streets around Bradford's Lumb Lane, one of Sutcliffe's killing grounds.

But, says the former prostitute, his shadow still lay over the town – in the form of fear.

"There were often girls went missing. Every time you came into contact with a man your life was potentially at an end," says Fiona

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A lot of the pimps I knew in those days are drug dealing now – it’s the same violent and abusive world, only they use different methods.

FionaEx-prostitute

"But my fear was my pimp and that's what drove me onto the streets."

Mother-of-one Fiona, 40, who withheld her surname, was drawn into prostitution aged just 15, having left home after a family dispute. She was swept off her feet by a man who turned out to be nothing more than a pimp.

One day in 1995, after 11 years on the streets, she heard on TV that a relative – and fellow sex worker – had been murdered.

It gave her the jolt she needed to change direction, seek counselling and professional help.

Eventually she set up a sex workers' support group and ended up advising police and social services on prostitution. Fiona now works for Rotherham women's support charity, GROW.

There have been many changes since Sutcliffe was caught in 1981.

By the end of that decade, the rise of Aids had led to increased government focus on prostitution.

Where previously only charities provided support, more professional help was introduced alongside with provision of condoms and clean needles for drug users.

Drug abuse

But, says Fiona, crack cocaine and heroin are now more widely available and used to control prostitutes.

"A lot of the pimps I knew in those days are drug dealing now. It's the same violent and abusive world, only they use different methods."

Though her support group is now an informal network, she regularly sees many women she shared the streets with.

"They will be terrified. You can only numb so much reality with heroin and crack," says Fiona.

"They are desperate. They are probably getting beaten if they are staying off the streets and not bringing in enough money. So they have to take bigger risks."

For Fiona, nothing will change until the law changes to improve support for sex workers.

Attitudes to prostitutes have softened since the Yorkshire Ripper murders

Tolerating prostitution on the basis that it is inevitable is not an option, she says, arguing that society would never accept child abuse.

"You need to make the people who prop up this system responsible – the drug dealers, pimps, those who wait outside school gates to lure girls into slavery," she says.

"At the moment, support for women is all about vaginas and veins – not the heart and soul.

"Many have suffered domestic abuse, are on medication or have mental health problems. There's no therapeutic support."

Many face barriers to leaving prostitution. Their criminal records mean many are passed over for jobs.

Fiona's past crimes meant she was refused a place on a social work degree course – despite her having advised the Home Office on policy.

Bradford's red light zone has shifted slightly since her day, away from the Manningham residential streets, to the more industrial area around Sunbridge Road.

Solicitor Jonathan Wright chairs the Goitside Development Trust, covering an area bordering the red light district.

"From time-to-time we get cars which will approach people on Sunbridge Road and that's not something you want to expose your staff to," he says.

‘Out of view’

The trust has been working with police to have CCTV installed to deter kerb crawlers.

Mr Wright believes residential development, including the creation of student flats, has also discouraged prostitution and that it has largely gone "out of view" into industrial areas.

The last decade saw police in numerous UK towns attempt to create "tolerance" or "management" zones for prostitution – often aimed at drawing anti-social behaviour away from people's homes and businesses.

However, Niki Adams from the English Collective of Prostitutes, says can create different problems.

"Each time there's a police clamp down, women end up working further from residential areas and become more vulnerable to attack," she says.

"We want an end to criminalisation so police time and effort is spent on protection."

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While safety is not being prioritised (over prosecution), it’s going to result in more attacks and more women are going to die

Niki AdamsEnglish Collective of Prostitutes

Decriminalisation in New Zealand – and its legalisation of brothels – has allowed women to report violence to police without fear of prosecution, she says.

"Serial killers don't come from nowhere. They usually have a history of violence and if people were able to come forward and report all that, and police acted on it in a serious and determined way, we could prevent these murders," Ms Adams says.

The Yorkshire Ripper's prosecutor, the then Attorney-General Sir Michael Havers, famously suggested "the saddest part" of the case was that the last six attacks were not on prostitutes but "totally respectable women".

Mr Adams says there was an "enormous amount of prejudice" and claims sex workers are still not treated with enough respect by the authorities.

However, she says the public mood has softened – particularly since the Suffolk prostitute killings hit the headlines in 2006 – and that society is more sympathetic.

With her organisation reporting more women – particularly young mothers – turning to prostitution for financial reasons, she says the authorities need to respond to that change.

Vulnerabilities

The Association of Chief Police Officers has set up a working group to assess the threats, risks and vulnerabilities association with sex workers.

Its spokesman on vice crime, Deputy Chief Constable Simon Byrne, has indicated he backs continued tough action.

New legislation means men who pay for sex with women coerced into prostitution are no longer able to argue their ignorance. New powers to close premises used for paid sex and tackle kerb crawling also came into force in England and Wales in April.

Mr Byrne said at the time that the changes would "give the police greater opportunities to increase public confidence by tackling the associated crime and anti-social behaviour in those areas that cause concern for local communities".

In Bradford, Manningham Ward councillor Qasim Khan says the police have taken a balanced approach and that the recent murders had given a false impression of the town's dangers.

But he accepted: "A lot of women, whether they are prostitutes or people going about their normal business, don't feel very safe."

From Ms Adams' point of view, one thing is clear: "While safety is not being prioritised (over prosecution), it's going to result in more attacks and more women are going to die."

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Many people are feared to have been hurt when two trains collided after an explosion in eastern India.

The blast on the tracks caused at least one of the trains to be derailed, it is reported.

The explosion, which came early on Friday local time, was feared to have caused "many" deaths, a railway spokesman told Reuters news agency.

The accident happened in an area of the country known to be a stronghold of Maoist rebels.

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The diversity push aims to change the “group-think” of some boardrooms

Plans for directors to submit to an annual shareholder vote form part of an overhaul of the code of conduct for the UK's top 350 listed companies.

It is a seen as a way to increase accountabilty, as directors are currently re-elected every three years.

The Financial Reporting Council's new code will also demand that gender and diversity is explicity considered when new board members are appointed.

At present, a quarter of FTSE 100 companies have no female board members.

A further guideline is to link more closely the pay of top executives with their company's long-term performance.

The guidelines – known as the UK Corporate Governance Code – comes from the Financial Reporting Council (FRC), the country's independent regulator. Its key role is to promote confidence in the way companies listed on the stock market are run.

It enforces its code by a "comply or explain" policy – which means companies either follow it or explain how else they are acting to promote good governance.

‘Group think’

Baroness Hogg, the chairman of the FRC, said: "The FRC responded to the financial crisis by examining the questions it raised about corporate governance and thoroughly reviewing the code."

Changes to the code will see board nomination committees asked to consider gender and diversity when hiring to avoid so-called "group think".

It states companies should assess board candidates "with due regard for the benefits of diversity on the board, including gender".

The government welcomed the new rules. Equalities Minister Lynne Featherstone said: "Half of all consumers are female but only 12 per cent of FTSE 100 directors are."

"A more equal workplace is a more successful workplace."

Changes to the code follow extensive consultation, and there has been broad approval for it from business organisations, big business itself, and shareholder groups.

The CBI's director general, Richard Lambert, said: "We welcome most of the measures put forward by the FRC. It has rightly stuck with guiding principles, rather than impose hard-and-fast rules."

It warned though that the target for annual board elections may backfire and promote a focus on short-term results – as well as destabilising boardrooms.

But the Co-operative Asset Management said forcing directors to stand for re-election each year would bring greater accountability to shareholders.

The new edition of the code will apply to financial years, starting after 29 June.

This report comes in the wake of a raft of recommendations made an earlier review by Sir David Walker following the financial crisis.

The FRC is also working on a new Stewardship Code, in response to calls for institutional shareholders to engage better with the companies they invest in.

Listed companies have increasingly found themselves at odds with their shareholders, particularly over executive pay.

The FRC aims to report back with a final code by the end of June.

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By Steve KingstoneBBC News, KingstonSoldiers are posted on the streets and roofs of buildings in the area

The drive into Kingston's Tivoli Gardens was surreal.

We rode on buses laid on by Jamaica's tourism ministry, emblazoned with the cheerily familiar phrase "have a nice day".

But our guides were stern-faced, heavily armed soldiers. We were told the bus would pull up, and that the assembled pack of international journalists would then be taken on a brief walking tour of a neighbourhood debilitated by urban warfare.

First observation: there were very few men in Tivoli Gardens. Police and soldiers had rounded up hundreds of suspects – leaving women, children and elderly residents to greet us.

Many seemed unnerved by the nearby soldiers, even hiding their faces from the cameras. But others were keen to talk.

Burnt-out cars

Maxine Davis pointed out the bullet holes in her modest, bright orange-coloured house. The front yard had clearly become a major front in the fighting, so I asked whether anyone had been arrested here.

Coffins are piled up alongside corpses in the cemetery

"Not at all," she replied, "just Mum and Dad live here – and they're elderly."

The neighbourhood was littered with what remains of the improvised barricades that were erected to keep back the soldiers. Burnt-out cars, gas canisters, barbed wire and pieces of twisted, rusty metal lined the road surface.

Soldiers stood on every street corner, and looked out from the roofs of multi-storey buildings.

One woman complained of a shortage of food and water in the days since Tivoli Gardens exploded. But in truth, this looked like a poor and troubled community at the best of times.

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Where, for decades, the state was practically non-existent and where Jamaica's most wanted man, Christopher Coke, gladly filled the void – doling out largesse in return for loyalty.

Between Mr Coke and the security forces, it was clear who residents feared most. A crowd of angry young women said the men in uniform had fired indiscriminately upon local people with no connection to drugs or guns.

"The police were the ones doing the killing," exclaimed one. "They killed people and then burned them up there."

Police and soldiers have rounded up hundreds of suspects in Tivoli Gardens

She gestured in the direction of Maypen cemetery, which borders Tivoli Gardens. Before the tour, we had visited the site and found a pile of coffins, alongside other corpses exposed to the elements.

We witnessed the comings and goings of police vehicles from the site. But the authorities insist they have been truthful about the number of dead, and that no bodies were burned.

Back in Tivoli Gardens I spoke to Major Ricardo Blackwood of the Jamaica Defence Force, who had politely but firmly ushered us through the various stages of our tour.

"The situation is getting back to being normal," he explained. "In the areas we've gone to, people are still being allowed to carry out their normal daily activities."

But he added that other parts of the neighbourhood were still being secured, and were therefore too volatile for the media to visit.

And what, I asked, of the alleged narcotics kingpin whose extradition warrant to the United States triggered the violence? Did Maj Blackwood really believe Mr Coke was still here?

"I'm not too sure," came the understated reply. "The ground commanders have to do the business of searching and finding him."

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Musicians auditon for place on the UK’s biggest stage

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Residents in the North Yorkshire constituency of Thirsk and Malton are finally getting their chance to vote in the general election.

The ballot was delayed due to the death last month of UKIP candidate John Boakes, from Kirby Knowle, near Northallerton.

Mr Boakes' death was the eighth during an election campaign since 1918.

Polling stations will be open from 0700 BST until 2200 BST on Thursday.

The candidates in Thirsk and Malton are: Liberal Party: John Clark; UK Independence Party: Toby Horton; Liberal Democrat: Howard Keal; Conservative: Anne McIntosh; Labour: Jonathan Roberts.

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Many people are feared to have been hurt when two trains collided after an explosion in eastern India.

The blast on the tracks caused at least one of the trains to be derailed, it is reported.

The explosion, which came early on Friday local time, was feared to have caused "many" deaths, a railway spokesman told Reuters news agency.

The accident happened in an area of the country known to be a stronghold of Maoist rebels.

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By Emma WilkinsonHealth reporter, BBC NewsDentists recommend brushing twice a day

People who fail to brush their teeth twice a day are putting themselves at risk of heart disease, say researchers.

A Scottish study of more than 11,000 adults found those with poor oral hygiene had a 70% increased risk of heart disease compared with those who brushed twice a day.

The British Medical Journal study backs previous work showing a link between gum disease and heart problems.

But a charity said oral health was just one factor in good heart health.

It is known that inflammation in the body, including in the mouth and gums, has an important role in the build up of clogged arteries, which can lead to a heart attack.

But this is the first time that researchers have looked at whether the frequency of teeth brushing has any bearing on the risk of developing heart disease.

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If you don’t brush your teeth, your mouth can become infected with bacteria which can cause inflammation

Judy O’SullivanBritish Heart Foundation

Data was collected on lifestyle behaviours, such as smoking, physical activity and oral health routines.

Participants were also asked how often they visited the dentist and how often they brushed their teeth.

Then nurses collected information on medical history and family history of heart disease, took blood pressure and blood samples.

Overall, six out of 10 people said they visited the dentist every six months and seven out 10 reported brushing their teeth twice a day.

Over the eight-year study there were 555 "cardiovascular events" such as heart attacks, 170 of which were fatal.

Taking into account factors that affect heart disease risk, such as social class, obesity, smoking and family history, the researchers found those who brushed twice a day were at a lower risk.

Those with poor oral hygiene also tested positive in blood samples for proteins which are suggestive of inflammation.

Cause and effect

Study leader Professor Richard Watt, from University College London, said future studies will be needed to confirm whether the link between oral health behaviour and cardiovascular disease "is in fact causal or merely a risk marker".

Judy O'Sullivan, senior cardiac nurse at British Heart Foundation, said: "If you don't brush your teeth, your mouth can become infected with bacteria which can cause inflammation.

"However, it is complicated by the fact that poor oral hygiene is often associated with other well known risk factors for heart disease, such as smoking and poor diet."

She added: "Good personal hygiene is a basic element of a healthy lifestyle.

"But if you want to help your heart, you should eat a balanced diet, avoid smoking and take part in regular physical activity."

Professor Damien Walmsley, scientific adviser to the British Dental Association, added it was still unclear whether there was a definite cause and effect between oral hygiene and heart disease.

"Whatever the true position is, we can say with certainty that if people brush teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, visit the dentist regularly and restrict sugary snacks to mealtimes; that this will go a long way towards keeping the teeth and gums in a healthy state for life."

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The snails’ are useful “models” in the study of learning and memory

In an unusual experiment, scientists have used pond snails to study the effects of methamphetamine, better known as crystal meth, on the brain.

They discovered that the drug enhanced the creatures' abilities to learn and remember a task.

This gives insight into how some addictive drugs produce memories that are hard to forget, and that can even cause addicts to relapse.

The scientists described the discovery in the Journal of Experimental Biology.

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The humble snail could help prevent and treat memory disorders

Professor George Kemenes University of Sussex

Barbara Sorg from Washington State University in the US led the research team. She explained that the snails provided a "simple model" enabling scientsts to examine the effects of drugs on an individual brain cell.

"These drugs of abuse produce very persistent memories," explained Dr Sorg. "It's a learning process – drug addiction is learning unwittingly.

"All of these visual, environmental and odour cues are being paired with the drug.

So addicts might be able to kick their habit in a treatment centre, but when they return to their old haunts, all those cues trigger craving and relapse."

The ultimate question, said Dr Sorg, is why is it so hard to forget these memories?

To take the first step in answering that question, she and her team examined the effects of crystal meth on the snails, by comparing the performance of drugged and "un-drugged" snails in a simple breathing task.

Learning to breatheThe researchers trained the snails by “poking” them when they surfaced

"The snails normally live in stagnant water and they breathe through their skin," explained Dr Sorg. "But when the water gets low in oxygen, they surface and open up a breathing tube.

The scientists trained the snails not to surface by "poking" this breathing tube with a small stick.

"They don't like that, said Dr Sorg, "so they learn through trial and error not to come up to the surface – they form a memory."

The researchers found that if the snails were exposed to a low concentration of methamphetamine before the breathing task, this "primed them" to form a more persistent memory of it.

The un-drugged snails would generally forget the task 24 hours after training. But methamphetamine-treated snails would retain the memory for longer.

"The drug is not present in their system any longer, but something has happened in their cells that primes them for learning," said Dr Sorg.

Having seen this drug-enhanced or "pathological" memory-making in action, the scientists now want to know what is changing within an individual brain cell.

The findings lay foundations for memory-based treatment of drug addiction

Dr Sorg's colleague, Professor Kenneth Lukowiak from the University of Calgary in Canada had previously identified the one critical cell, or neuron, in the brain of these snails that is crucial to learning and remembering how to regulate their breathing.

This cell releases a signalling chemical called dopamine; a chemical that, in mammals, is involved in the brain circuitry associated with addiction.

"That's why we decided [this snail] would be a good system to study," said Dr Sorg.

"Now we want to look in that brain cell and find what has changed. It's a big task but some recent studies in our lab point to changes at the level of the cell's DNA that are caused by the drug."

The researchers say that this work lays the foundations for ultimately targeting memory in the treatment of drug addiction and other disorders, such as post traumantic stress disorder.

The ultimate idea would be to target specific memories – these pathological memories – to be forgotten or diminished.

Dr Sorg concluded: "If we know something about how these memories are formed, and just as importantly, how they're forgotten, and if we can understand something about the process that promotes forgetting in a single cell, we might be able to translate that to higher animals, including humans."

Professor George Kemenes from the University of Sussex, studies memory in molluscs in work that is funded by the UK's Medical Research Council.

"Molecular level findings in snails can be highly instructive for learning and memory research in mammals, and can help us to understand how humans learn and remember," he said.

"Ultimately, the humble snail could help prevent and treat memory disorders or even enhance normal memory."

Hear more from the researchers on Science in Action on the BBC World Service on Friday 28 May.

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Born in Chicago, Deaver is a former journalist and lawyer

Thriller writer Jeffery Deaver has been chosen to pen a new James Bond book, to be published on creator Ian Fleming's birthday – 28 May – next year.

The US author follows in the footsteps of Britain's Sebastian Faulks, whose Devil May Care was published in 2008 to mark the centenary of Fleming's birth.

Deaver – whose books include The Bone Collector, filmed in 1999 – has called securing the assignment a "thrill".

The novel, currently known as Project X, will be set in the present day.

It will be published by Hodder & Stoughton in the UK and Simon & Schuster in the US.

"I can't describe the thrill I felt when first approached by Ian Fleming's estate to ask if I'd be interested in writing the next book in the James Bond series," said Deaver.

He said his novel would "maintain the persona of James Bond as Fleming created him and the unique tone the author brought to his books".

Faulks and Higson are among other writers to pen official Bond novels

The plot, he added, "occurs over a short period of time and finds Bond in three or four exotic locations around the globe".

Deaver won the Crime Writers' Association's Ian Fleming Steel Dagger Award for his book Garden of Beasts in 2004 and paid tribute to the 007 creator in his acceptance speech.

It was this, said Corinne Turner of Ian Fleming Publications, that gave her the idea that he might be a worthy successor.

"I was surprised and delighted when he spoke very fondly of Ian and about the influence the Bond books had had on his own writing career," she said.

"It was at that point that I first thought that James Bond could have an interesting adventure in Jeffery Deaver's hands."

Kingsley Amis, John Gardner and Raymond Benson are among other authors to have written officially sanctioned Bond novels since Fleming's death in 1964.

In recent years British comedian and writer Charlie Higson has written a series of Young Bond novels, published by Puffin in the UK.

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England’s “outstanding” schools are to be freed from routine Ofsted inspections.

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Many people are feared to have been hurt when two trains collided after an explosion in eastern India.

The blast on the tracks caused at least one of the trains to be derailed, it is reported.

The explosion, which came early on Friday local time, was feared to have caused "many" deaths, a railway spokesman told Reuters news agency.

The accident happened in an area of the country known to be a stronghold of Maoist rebels.

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