Say you have a binary image file you wanted to transfer across a network. You’re amazed that the file wasn’t received properly on the other side—the file just contained strange characters!
Well, it seems that you attempted to send your file in its raw bits and bytes format, while the media used was designed for streaming text.
What would be the workaround to avoid such an issue? The answer is Base64 encoding. In this article, I will show you how we can use Python to encode and decode a binary image. The program is illustrated as a standalone local program, but you can apply the concept to different applications like sending your encoded image from your mobile device to a server, and many other applications.
What Is Base64?
Before moving more deeper in the article, let’s define what we mean by Base64.
Base64 is a way in which 8-bit binary data is encoded into a format that can be represented in 7 bits. This is done using only the characters A-Z, a-z, 0-9, +, and / in order to represent data, with = used to pad data. For instance, using this encoding, three 8-bit bytes are converted into four 7-bit bytes.
The term Base64 is taken from the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) standard, which is widely used for HTTP and XML, and was originally developed for encoding email attachments for transmission.
Why Do We Use Base64?
Base64 is very important for binary data representation, such that it allows binary data to be represented in a way that looks and acts as plain text, which makes it more reliable to be stored in databases, sent in emails, or used in text-based format such as XML. Base64 is basically used for representing data in an ASCII string format.
As mentioned in the introduction of this article, without Base64 sometimes data will not be readable at all.
Base64 Encoding
Base64 encoding is the process of converting binary data into a limited character set of 64 characters. As shown in the first section, those characters are A-Z, a-z, 0-9, +, and / (count them, did you notice they add up to 64?). This character set is considered the most common character set, and is referred to as MIME’s Base64. It uses A-Z, a-z, 0-9, +, and / for the first 62 values, and +, and / for the last two values.
The Base64 encoded data ends up being longer than the original data, so that as mentioned above, for every 3 bytes of binary data, there are at least 4 bytes of Base64 encoded data. This is due to the fact that we are squeezing the data into a smaller set of characters.
Have you ever seen part of a raw email file like the one shown below (which most likely originates from an email not being delivered)? If so, then you have seen Base64 encoding in action! (If you notice “=”, you can conclude that this is a Base64 encoding, since the equals sign is used in the encoding process for padding.)
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 2KfZhNiz2YTYp9mFINi52YTZitmD2YUg2YjYsdit2YXYqSDYp9mE2YTZhyDZiNio2LHZg9in2KrZ h9iMDQoNCtij2YjYryDZgdmC2Lcg2KfZhNin2LPYqtmB2LPYp9ixINi52YYg2KfZhNmF2YLYsdix 2KfYqiDYp9mE2K/Ysdin2LPZitipINin2YTYqtmKINiq2YbYtdit2YjZhiDYqNmH2Kcg2YTZhdmG INmK2LHZitivINin2YTYqtmI2LPYuSDZgdmKDQrYt9mE2Kgg2KfZhNi52YTZhSDYp9mE2LTYsdi5 2YrYjCDYudmE2YXYpyDYqNij2YbZiiDYutmK2LEg2YXYqtiu2LXYtSDYqNin2YTYudmE2YUg2KfZ hNi02LHYudmKINmI2KPZgdiq2YLYryDZhNmE2YXZhtmH2Kwg2KfZhNi52YTZhdmKDQrZhNiw2YTZ gy4NCg0K2KzYstin2YPZhSDYp9mE2YTZhyDYrtmK2LHYpyDYudmE2Ykg2YbYtdit2YPZhSDZgdmK INmH2LDYpyDYp9mE2LTYo9mGLg0KDQrYudio2K/Yp9mE2LHYrdmF2YYNCg== --089e0141aa264e929a0514593016 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Base64 is carried out in multiple steps, as follows:
- The text to be encoded in converted into its respective decimal values, that is, into their ASCII equivalent (i.e. a:97, b:98, etc.). Here’s the ASCII table.
- The decimal values obtained in the above step are converted into their binary equivalents (i.e. 97: 01100001).
- All the binary equivalents are concatenated, obtaining a large set of binary numbers.
- The large set of binary numbers is divided into equal sections, with each section containing only 6 bits.
- The equal sets of 6 bits are converted into their decimal equivalents.
- Finally, the decimal equivalents are converted into their Base64 values (i.e. 4: E). Here are the decimal values and their Base64 alphabet.
Base64 Decoding
Base64 decoding is the opposite of Base64 encoding. In other words, it is carried out by reversing the steps described in the previous section.
So, the steps of Base64 decoding can be described as follows:
- Each character in the string is changed to its Base64 decimal value.
- The decimal values obtained are converted into their binary equivalents.
- The first two bits of the binary numbers are truncated from each of the binary numbers obtained, and the sets of 6 bits are combined, forming one large string of binary digits.
- The large string of binary digits obtained in the previous step is split into groups of 8 bits.
- The 8-bit binary numbers are converted into their decimal equivalents.
- Finally, the decimal values obtained are converted into their ASCII equivalent.
Encoding an Image
Let’s now get to the meat of this article. In this section, I’m going to show you how we can easily Base64 encode an image using Python.
I will be using the following binary image. Go ahead, download it and let’s get Python rolling! (I’m assuming that the name of the image is deer.gif.)
The first thing we have to do in order to use Base64 in Python is to import the base64 module:
import base64
In order to encode the image, we simply use the function base64.encodestring(s). Python mentions the following regarding this function:
Encode the string s, which can contain arbitrary binary data, and return a string containing one or more lines of base64-encoded data. encodestring() returns a string containing one or more lines of base64-encoded data always including an extra trailing newline (‘\n’).
Thus, we can do the following in order to Base64 encode our image:
import base64
image = open('deer.gif', 'rb') #open binary file in read mode
image_read = image.read()
image_64_encode = base64.encodestring(image_read)
If you want to see the output of the encoding process, type the following:
print image_64_encode
Decoding an Image
To decode an image using Python, we simply use the base64.decodestring(s) function. Python mentions the following regarding this function:
Decode the string s, which must contain one or more lines of base64 encoded data, and return a string containing the resulting binary data.
So, in order to decode the image we encoded in the previous section, we do the following:
base64.decodestring(image_64_encode)
Putting It All Together
Let’s put the program that Base64 encodes and decodes an image together. The Python script that does that should look something like the following:
import base64
image = open('deer.gif', 'rb')
image_read = image.read()
image_64_encode = base64.encodestring(image_read)
image_64_decode = base64.decodestring(image_64_encode)
image_result = open('deer_decode.gif', 'wb') # create a writable image and write the decoding result
image_result.write(image_64_decode)
If you open deer_decode.gif which you have on your desktop, you will notice that you have the original image deer.gif we encoded in the first step.
As we have seen from this article, Python makes it very easy to perform what seems to be a complex task.
