Music prompts a range of emotions for the listener
Patients could be prescribed music tailored to their needs as a result of new research.
Scientists at Glasgow Caledonian University are using a mixture of psychology and audio engineering to see how music can prompt certain responses.
They will analyse a composition’s lyrics, tone or even the thoughts associated with it.
Those behind the study say it could be used to help those suffering physical pain or conditions like depression.
By considering elements of a song’s rhythm patterns, melodic range, lyrics or pitch, the team believe music could one day be used to help regulate a patient’s mood.
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Audio engineer Dr Don Knox, who is leading the study, said the impact of music on an individual could be significant.
He said: “Music expresses emotion as a result of many factors. These include the tone, structure and other technical characteristics of a piece.
“Lyrics can have a big impact too.
“But so can purely subjective factors: where or when you first heard it, whether you associate it with happy or sad events and so on.”
So far the team has carried out detailed audio analysis of certain music, identified as expressing a range of emotions by a panel of volunteers.
Their ultimate aim is to develop a mathematical model that explains music’s ability to communicate different emotions.
This could, they say, eventually make it possible to develop computer programs that identify music capable of influencing mood.
“By making it possible to search for music and organise collections according to emotional content, such programs could fundamentally change the way we interact with music”, said Dr Knox.
“Some online music stores already tag music according to whether a piece is “happy” or “sad”.
“Our project is refining this approach and giving it a firm scientific foundation, unlocking all kinds of possibilities and opportunities as a result.”
This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.
Pregnant women take folic acid to prevent neural tube defects
Scientists have begun a study to determine if an everyday vitamin supplement could help prevent one of Britain’s most common birth defects.
Every year about 100 children in the UK are born with spina bifida and other neural tube defects.
Prospective mothers are advised to take folic acid as a way of preventing the condition.
However, scientists think the vitamin inositol, taken with folic acid, may be more effective at preventing defects.
Despite taking folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, some woman still go on to have children with neural tube defects.
Many more pregnancies are terminated when the condition is diagnosed by ultrasound scan.
Scientists think inositol could prevent these extra cases.
Tests on mice suggest it stimulates tissue growth in the embryo to prevent neural tube defects.
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Dr Nick Greene is one of the researchers working on the project at the Institute of Child Health, University College London.
“Inositol is a naturally occurring molecule a bit like glucose”, he said.
“It’s in meat, fruit and vegetables.
“We don’t think the women are deficient in inositol in their diets but from our experimental work we know inositol can stimulate cells in the developing embryo to proliferate more quickly, and that corrects the defect that would develop in spina bifida.”
Anne Marie Hodkinson’s daughter, Yasmin was born with spina bifida, despite the fact Anne Marie took folic acid for two years before getting pregnant.
“In all the books I had read, I read about spina bifida and then read about folic acid and turned the page, thinking, ‘that’s fine, done that’, so it was quite a shock”
Anne Marie Hodkinson Mother
She said: “We went for the 22-week scan, and it was quite a long scan, and at the end of it they told me that there was a problem.
“They said the baby had spina bifida.
“In all the books I had read, I read about spina bifida and then read about folic acid and turned the page, thinking, ‘that’s fine, done that’, so it was quite a shock.”
When Anne Marie decided to have another baby she enrolled in the clinical trial and is now seven months pregnant.
Although she doesn’t know whether she’s been taking inositol or a placebo, antenatal tests have shown her second baby is free from the condition.
“Everything’s fine, which is lovely,” she said.
“Had this little one had spina bifida as well, we’re pro’s now so it would have been fine, but nobody wishes that on anybody so it’s lovely that this one’s ok.”
Dr Greene is now looking for more women from all over the UK who’d be willing to take part in the trial.
“We’ve invited women who’ve had a pregnancy affected by spina bifida or another neural tube defect and who are planning another pregnancy to contact us.
“The trial is conducted by telephone and e-mail so people don’t need to come to us in London to take part.”
Further trials are needed but if the evidence suggests inositol can prevent spina bifida, it could be combined with folic acid as a simple and cheap supplement available to all women of childbearing age.
This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.
By Brian Taylor
Boundary changes could have affected Holyrood’s political make-up in 2007
Boundary changes for the next Scottish Parliament elections suggest a possible electoral boost to the Conservatives, according to expert analysis.
Professor David Denver’s study said that if the new constituencies had been in place at the 2007 poll, the Tories might have won three extra seats.
However, the Scottish National Party would have remained the largest party.
Next year’s Holyrood elections will be fought on re-drawn boundaries designed to even out seat sizes.
Nearly all first-past-the-post constituencies are changing, most substantially.
It is calculated that one in six electors in Scotland will now be in a different seat as a result of the re-drawn boundaries.
There are also smaller changes to the top-up regional seats as a result of constituencies being moved to different regions.
An expert report for the BBC and the Press Association has calculated the potential impact.
Prof Denver of Lancaster University said that if the new boundaries had been in place last time the Tories might have taken 20 seats rather than 17.
The Liberal Democrats would have been up one, on 17 rather than 16.
Labour would have been two down, winning 44 seats in total rather than 46 and the SNP would have been one down, with 46 seats rather than 47.
Overall, that implies a slightly improved net lead for the SNP over Labour.
Professor Denver, who is an acknowledged expert in this field, reckoned the Greens would have had one seat, instead of two and the Independent MSP Margo MacDonald would still have won.
However, the academic stressed that caution must be taken in interpreting the results. He pointed out that constituencies were now built from much larger, more diverse council wards, making it very difficult to offer projections.
In addition, he noted that he calculated what might have happened in 2007, had the new boundaries been in place then.
He pointed out that he was not offering a forecast for next year’s elections which would be influenced by political developments since Holyrood last went to the polls and issues like the incumbency of sitting members.
Prof Denver estimated seats which might have had a different political colour by contrast with comparable previous constituencies.
Seat changes
He calculated that the Tories might have taken both Eastwood and Dumfriesshire ahead of Labour.
He suggested that Aberdeen Central might have been won by the SNP rather than Labour while Stirling could have been Labour, not SNP.
The new Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale seat, he reckoned, would have been SNP, not Liberal Democrat.
The study classed certain constituencies as “new” in that they have experienced the greatest change.
Among these, he concluded that Glasgow Southside would have been Labour, not SNP. That seat includes a large part of the Govan seat presently held by Nicola Sturgeon, the SNP deputy leader.
In this category, the professor also calculates that Edinburgh Central might have been won by the Liberal Democrats, over Labour.
This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.
A £50,000 reward is on offer for information leading to Jessie’s killer
The family of a 15-year-old schoolboy shot dead in south Manchester continue to suffer “unimaginable grief” four years on, police have said.
Jessie James was shot several times as he cycled through a park in Moss Side in the early hours of 9 September 2006.
His mother, Barbara Reid, has urged those who know his killer to “do the decent thing” and come forward.
A £50,000 reward is on offer and police said they could protect the identity of witnesses who come forward.
Det Supt Jane Antrobus, senior investigating officer, said: “Jessie’s family have suffered unimaginable grief for the past four years, as they have had to live with the knowledge that the person who killed him has not been caught.
“They deserve to see his killers brought before the courts and I know someone out there has the vital piece of information that will help us to do this.
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“In the past four years there have been huge reductions in gun crime and a number of high profile trials, assisted by testimony from protected witnesses, have seen gang members jailed.
“Those people who may have previously been reluctant to come forward can now see what their evidence could do.”
In a statement issued through Greater Manchester Police, Jessie’s mother said anyone with information had a responsibility to contact detectives.
“You may say Jessie James is not your family, you are not getting involved, or it has nothing to do with you, but you are wrong,” said Mrs Reid.
“Jessie is your responsibility, he was a member of your community.
“After all, you are your brother’s keeper and therefore you are responsible for each and everyone in Moss Side and beyond.”
On the night of his death, Jessie had been out with a group of friends who were refused entry to an event at the West Indian Centre.
As the group got to the middle of Broadfield Park, they heard shots and the boys dispersed.
Police were called after Jessie’s friends re-traced their steps and found his body. They had been calling his mobile phone as they walked through the park and heard it ringing.
This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.
Mercury was set up as a competitor to British Telecom
The xx may still be basking in the glory of taking home the Mercury Prize 2010 – one of Britain’s most prestigious music awards. But what of the company it was named after?
Officially it’s the Barclaycard Mercury Prize, the fact much of the music industry still uses its shorthand title demonstrates how well-established it has become during its 18 years.
Similarly, the Foster’s Edinburgh Comedy Awards are still commonly referred to under their long-time moniker of the Perrier Awards.
But while plenty of people can still crack open a bottle of the French fizzy water, you would be hard pushed to make a call from a Mercury phone box these days.
When the first Mercury Prize was carried off by Primal Scream in 1992, its sponsor was at the cutting edge of the rapidly-expanding telecoms sector.
Formed in 1981, Mercury Communications was one of the early products of the Thatcher government’s introduction of competition to state-owned utilities.
“It was an excellent choice of name because the Greek god Mercury was the messenger of the gods,” says Nigel Linge, a professor of telecommunications at the University of Salford.
However, early consortium partners Barclays and BP soon pulled out, leaving Mercury under the full control of the UK’s established global communications giant Cable & Wireless – itself undergoing privatisation.
“Cable & Wireless had wired up the world but had no domestic footprint because it had been a Post Office monopoly,” says Prof Linge, who head’s the university Computer Networks and Telecommunications Research Centre.
The early 1980s saw rapid change, with Post Office Communications rebranded British Telecom and – from November 1983 – the creation of a duopoly.
Mercury initially launched in the City of London, offering corporate clients cheap and modern services.
Later, the firm’s US-style sleek glass phone booths began to spring up close to their traditional red rivals on Britain’s streets.
Mercury used eye-catching designs for its new call boxes
“They had some odd designs,” recalls telecoms consultant Peter Walker.
“Mercury definitely went out to break the mould. Some were really quite eye-catching and one or two have been preserved because they were iconic in their own way,” he says, pointing out that each booth was actually wired to a BT line.
Eventually residential customers could join the revolution.
Again, Mercury avoided the costly business of digging up land or rigging poles to install lines to homes, says Prof Linge. Instead, it used existing infrastructure for a fee in a similar way to firms like Virgin Mobile “piggybacking” other providers today.
Meanwhile, the newly-privatised BT was forced to meet traditional obligations of offering universal service and a sufficient number of public call boxes.
However, Mr Walker says Mercury did not have things all its own way. It invested heavily in long-range infrastructure, such as microwave masts and fibre-optic cables alongside British Rail tracks.
Its new domestic phones featured a blue button which sent a code to the local exchange to identify Mercury callers, who then had to wait while the handset pulsed out their account number before eventually dialling the receiving number.
“It was a hard sell into the residential market in the early days because it required you to do things which were more difficult than just staying with BT – having a special Mercury phone and changing number,” says Mr Walker.
“It might not have been as successful as some would have hoped but it led the way for everything that came behind it”
Peter Walker Telecoms consultant, Hollyer Associates
The latter also proved difficult when trying to sell services to companies who considered their number part of their brand, says Mr Walker, who has spent 40 years in the industry – including 10 at former regulator Oftel.
However, by dint of being “leaner, meaner and cheaper” than BT, Mercury was able to gain a foothold and its market share grew. Once its rival had responded by becoming more competitive, however, it struggled to look “sufficiently different”, says Mr Walker.
The seven-year duopoly of BT and Mercury had been intended to create a strong competitor to the established giant. However, Mercury drew many of its staff from either BT or Cable and Wireless – itself a national operator in Hong Kong, the Caribbean and parts of the Gulf – and Mr Walker feels they wasted a chance by competing on too many fronts.
“They were trying to be a ‘little BT’, which wasn’t that clever.”
However, Prof Linge credits Mercury with some key advances – notably, as Mercury One-2-One, launching the world’s first digital mobile phone network which would revolutionise communications through text messaging and enable handsets to become ever smaller.
By 1997, the Mercury name had disappeared in an amalgamation of UK operators, although its work lives on through its successor Cable & Wireless Communications.
Mr Walker says that Mercury’s legacy is not just in the music prize.
“It might not have been as successful as some would have hoped but it led the way for everything that came behind it,” he says.
This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.