Alternative languages for web development that offer the benefits of strong typing and efficient refactoring? [closed]

What are the available options for web development that allow for the use of a strongly typed language, while addressing the scalability, testing, and refactoring challenges that are commonly associated with using JavaScript?

Are there any languages or frameworks that provide a balance of the benefits offered by strongly typed languages, such as Java, and the flexibility and ease of use of JavaScript-like programming?

Additionally, are there any alternatives to TypeScript that still offer the benefits of strong typing without the limitations of JavaScript?