Eurozone releases more Greece aid

Protester stands before a fire on Syntagma Square in AthensThere have been violent protests against the austerity measures in Greece

Eurozone finance ministers have approved the latest tranche of emergency help for the Greek economy.

They are to release about 12bn euros (£10.4bn, $17.4bn) in the next two weeks to help Greece meet payments on its huge debts and avoid bankruptcy.

Earlier this week, the Greek parliament passed tough austerity measures demanded by the European Union and International Monetary Fund.

MPs backed the measures despite angry protests on the streets of Athens.

The EU and IMF have already agreed to provide Greece with a total of 110bn euros in emergency loans, with eurozone finance ministers discussing the details of a second bail-out designed to help Greece pay its debts until the end of 2014.

Greek Finance Minister Evangelos Venizelos welcomed the eurozone move, saying it “strengthened the country’s international credibility”.

He added: “What is crucial now is the timely and effective implementation of the decisions taken in parliament, so we can gradually emerge from the crisis in the interest of national economy and the Greek citizens.”

Earlier on Saturday, Polish Finance Minister Jacek Rostowski criticised Europe’s handling of the Greek debt crisis.

He suggested that too much emphasis had been put on austerity measures and not enough on growth.

And he accused opposition parties in some unnamed eurozone countries of showing “breathtaking short-sightedness” in their opposition to support for Greece.

His comments come after Poland took over the six-month presidency of the European Union (EU) on Friday.

Mr Rostowski will now chair meetings of EU finance ministers, and hopes to join talks among eurozone finance ministers – even though Poland has not adopted the euro as its currency.

Countries most exposed to Greek debt

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Unions criticise school trip plan

 
Pupil and teacherMinisters say there is too much bureaucracy involved in organising school trips
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Teaching unions have criticised plans to make school trips easier to organise amid government fears about the over-zealous application of safety laws.

The Department for Education is publishing new guidance to help schools ditch “unnecessary paperwork”, and has cut 150 pages of guidelines to eight.

But the National Union of Teachers (NUT) said it feared reducing best practice could lead to more accidents.

Education Secretary Michael Gove said it was a “more common sense” approach.

Amanda Brown, of the NUT, said: “What we wouldn’t want to do is to see a reduction of guidance which could lead to a lot more accidents.

“What we want is advice which is very clear and straightforward but long enough to cover enough of the detail so that people do feel secure.”

The NASUWT teachers’ union said cutting back guidance could reduce parents’ confidence and make teachers more nervous about school trips because it provided a safeguard.

“The dilution of guidance for schools is likely to reduce rather than increase the number of educational visits”

Chris Keates NASUWT teachers’ union

“The decision to scrap over 140 pages of guidance is potentially reckless and could increase litigation against schools and teachers,” said general secretary Chris Keates.

“There is no evidence demonstrating the need for the previous guidance to be abandoned, and no educational reason for doing so.

“Schools and teachers organise educational visits when it is clear that there is an opportunity to enhance and enrich pupils’ learning and when they assure themselves that children will be safe.

“The dilution of guidance for schools is likely to reduce rather than increase the number of educational visits.”

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) said it hoped the new guidelines would dispel legal “myths”.

Chairman Judith Hackitt told the BBC it was “time to out those who hide behind red tape and procedures and often blame us and health and safety as the reason why they can’t do these things”.

She said guidelines had ended up being overly bureaucratic because of a fear of civil litigation, cost-cutting and because it was an easy way to avoid work that was regarded as more difficult.

Teachers were intelligent people and should be trusted to use their common sense, she added.

Ministers said school trips could broaden children’s horizons but fear of prosecution was too often used as an excuse not to organise them.

In the past five years only two cases had been brought against schools for breaches of health and safety law on a visit, they said.

Employment minister Chris Grayling said: “We’ve got a crazy situation at the moment where, very often, headteachers and teachers think that actually the rules are such that it’s not a good idea to plan school trips.

“There’s too much bureaucracy, too many health and safety rules and a risk of prosecution if something goes wrong,” he told the BBC.

“There is no reason – and never was – why children should be prevented from going on school trips by over-enthusiastic misinterpretation of rules,” he said.

A Labour Party spokesman said health and safety rules needed to be applied sensibly.

The new guidelines clarify that written parental consent is not needed for each activity and encourage schools to use a new one-off consent form signed once when a child starts at a school.

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Six suspects lynched in Guatemala

Map of GuatemalaThe lynchings happened some 220km (135 miles) north of the capital, Guatemala City
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Six people have been lynched and killed by members of an indigenous community in northern Guatemala, officials say.

Emergency services said local residents of San Pedro Carcha in Alta Verapaz province marched five men and a woman to a corn field, where they were beaten, blindfolded and shot dead.

The villagers suspected the six of killing a local businessman.

Prosecutors say 194 people have been lynched since 2004, mainly in areas where there was little police presence.

Guatemala’s Prosecutors Office for Human Rights says the cases of lynchings have been rising year on year, with a marked increase in indigenous communities, where there is little trust in the authorities.

In the latest case, villagers tracked down a man known as The Clown, who they believed was behind the murder of local businessman Nicolas Choc on Thursday.

They beat him until he confessed and revealed the names of his five alleged accomplices, who were then also hunted down and shot dead.

Police said the locals prevented them from entering the village, but did allow emergency services to take the bodies to the morgue.

This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.

Vatican finances return to profit

Pope Benedict XVI (right). Photo: 2 July 2011The Vatican has been making financial reports public since 1981
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The Vatican has announced its finances have returned to profit – after three consecutive years in the red.

Its report said the Holy See saw revenues of 245.2m euros (£222m; $356m) against expenses of 235.3m in 2010.

But annual donations from churches worldwide – known as Peter’s Pence – were down nearly $15m to $67.7.

The separately administered Vatican City State also made a 21m-euro profit due to strong ticket sales at the Vatican Museums.

The Vatican lost 4m euros in 2009 and was also in the red in 2008 and 2007.

Most of the Vatican’s outlay is to cover the activities of Pope Benedict XVI, and services such as Vatican Radio which is broadcast on five continents in 40 different languages.

The Vatican began publishing annual financial reports in 1981 when Pope John Paul II set out to challenge perceptions that the Vatican was rich.

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Roadside bomb kills Afghan family

US troops on patrol in Zabul provinceUS troops overseeing reconstruction work in Zabul province, and on the look-out for Taliban, close to the Pakistan border

At least 11 members of a family have been killed by a roadside bomb in the southern Afghan province of Zabul.

The family, including women and children, were thought to be refugees returning home from Pakistan.

They were driving their van through Shamulzayi district when the blast occurred. They are thought to have been heading for Ghazni province.

Roadside bombs are a weapon commonly used by the Taliban in their war against western forces.

Earlier this week, 20 Afghan civilians were killed when the bus they were in hit a roadside bomb in Nimroz province in southwest Afghanistan.

Elsewhere about 500 demonstrators chanting “Death to the Pakistan military!” and “Long live Afghanistan!” protested in Kabul against rocket attacks along the border with Pakistan.

At least 36 civilians are estimated to have died in the attacks in recent weeks.

Pakistan has denied that it fired the rockets into Afghanistan.

This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.

Strauss-Kahn allies eye comeback

Former IMF chief Dominique Strauss-Kahn

Dominique Strauss-Kahn looked relaxed as he emerged from court

Allies of former IMF chief Dominique Strauss-Kahn have said he could make a political comeback in France now he has been freed from house arrest in the US.

Before being accused of sexually assaulting a hotel maid in New York on 14 May, Mr Strauss-Kahn was tipped as a possible French presidential candidate.

But doubts have since emerged about the credibility of the maid, and the case is reportedly close to collapse.

On Friday a judge ordered Mr Strauss-Kahn released on his own recognisance.

His is now free to travel in the US, although he cannot leave the country and must appear in court again later this month.

Mr Strauss-Kahn, who resigned as head of the International Monetary Fund to defend himself, vigorously denies the charges.

Mr Strauss-Kahn had earlier been the favourite to be the Socialist Party’s candidate for the French presidency in May 2011.

The BBC’s Christian Fraser in Paris says that regardless of events in court, the expectation is growing here in France the case will ultimately collapse.

And if that happens, the only person who can rule his out of next year’s contest is Mr Strauss-Kahn himself, our correspondent adds.

“Here in Paris there is huge anticipation. The man who had been written out of the script for next year’s presidential elections is potentially back in the running.”

Read Gavin’s thoughts in full

The last Socialist Prime Minister, Lionel Jospin, said: “If we hypothesise that Dominique is cleared of all suspicion and all charges, which I obviously hope will happen, then it will be first down to him to decide… and then it will be down to the Socialists to decide.”

A Socialist MP, Jean-Marie Le Guen, said he thought it likely that Mr Strauss-Kahn would stand.

“Yes, he will be present for the presidential campaign,” he said.

“If what we heard… is true, that the American justice will free him and re-habilitate him, give him back his honour and dignity. Then, since Dominique Strauss-Kahn is a fighter, he will fight in our country.”

The list for nominations is due to close on 13 July – five days before his next scheduled court appearance. But the senior Socialist, Francois Hollande, said the deadline could be extended.

Our correspondent says there are though plenty in France who hold Mr Strauss-Kahn in high admiration for the way he has conducted himself in court, there is sympathy and renewed hope among his staunchest allies.

A judge in New York lifted the strict bail conditions imposed on Mr Strauss-Kahn, amid intense speculation that the sexual assault case against him was faltering.

He had been under house arrest since posting a $6m bail bond.

When the 62-year-old appeared in court, prosecutors were forced to admit that they were reassessing the strength of the evidence against him – although the charges that he attempted to rape a hotel maid still stand.

In a letter submitted to the court, the prosecutors said that the maid had given false testimony to a grand jury, omitting the fact that she had cleaned another room before alerting a supervisor to her claims of sexual assault.

Manhattan District Attorney Cyprus R Vance Jr

Manhattan District Attorney Cyprus R Vance Jr: “Our office’s commitment is to the truth and to the facts”

“I understand that the circumstances of this case have changed substantially, and I agree the risk that he would not be here has receded quite a bit. I release Mr Strauss-Kahn at his own recognisance,” Justice Michael Obus told the court.

The maid claims that Mr Strauss-Kahn chased her down a hallway in his expensive hotel suite in the Sofitel hotel before sexually assaulting her.

However, unnamed law enforcement officials have now told US media the accuser has repeatedly lied since the alleged attack.

The officials believe the woman also lied on her application for asylum, particularly over an allegation that she had been raped while at home in Guinea. They also suspect she has links to drugs dealers and money-laundering.

Mr Strauss-Kahn’s lawyer, William Taylor, said he believed the next step would lead to the complete dismissal of the charges.

But the maid’s lawyer, Kenneth Thompson, maintained that his client’s story was genuine and that Mr Strauss-Kahn was guilty of sexual assault charges.

“From day one she has described a violent sexual assault that Dominique Strauss-Kahn committed against her,” Mr Thompson said, adding that Mr Strauss-Kahn bruised the maid’s body and threw her to the floor.

“She has never once changed a single thing about that account. The district attorney knows that,” he added. “The only defence Dominique Strauss-Kahn has is that this sexual encounter was consensual. That is a lie.”

This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.

Phones ‘unlikely’ to cause cancer

man uses phoneAre mobile phones safe?
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Mounting evidence suggests there is no link between mobile phones and brain cancer, according to a review by the Institute of Cancer Research.

It stated that despite near universal mobile phone use, there had been no jump in the number of tumours.

Its report, in Environmental Health Perspectives, also identified flaws in many studies investigating a link.

A few weeks ago the World Health Organization said mobiles were “possibly carcinogenic”.

The decision by the WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) put mobile phones in the same category as coffee, in which a link could not be ruled out, but it could not be proved either.

One of the biggest studies into a link was Interphone, a comparison of 2,708 patients with a brain tumour (glioma) with a similar number of people without.

The study concluded that mobile phone users were less likely to get brain tumours, but heavy users had an increased risk.

Other possible causes of cancerPetrol car exhaustsLeadCoffeeDry cleaningIARC classifications

Professor Anthony Swerdlow, from the Institute of Cancer Research, said there was a risk of bias when patients with brain tumours answered questionnaires about their phone use.

Ten patients in the study said they were on the phone for more than 12 hours per day.

He added that in the space of 20 years, mobile phone use had gone from being rare to 4.6 billion users worldwide.

Yet evidence from many Western countries showed “no indication of increases in brain tumour incidence”.

Professor Swerdlow said: “The trend in the accumulating evidence is increasingly against the hypothesis that mobile phone use can cause brain tumours in adults.”

The report admits that there is still some uncertainty.

“Continued research is needed…but the news so far is good”

Professor David Coggon University of Southampton

Studies have looked at a link associated with 10 to 15 years of mobile phone use and it remains a possibility that longer exposure could cause cancer.

However, Professor Swerdlow argues that if studies looking at longer exposure produce similar results, then a link will become “increasingly implausible”.

He adds that “there is far less evidence of the effect of childhood exposure, but there is no reason to believe it causes tumours”.

Cancer Research UK’s Dr Joanna Owens said: “Although these researchers admit that we can’t entirely rule out the idea of a link between mobile phones and brain cancer, they remind us that in most of the research, including their large international study, mobile phone users don’t seem to be at increased risk.

“We don’t yet have data on very long-term use of mobile phones, or for the effects on cancer risk in children, so it is probably wise to encourage children to limit their mobile phone call time.”

Professor David Coggon, University of Southampton, said: “This is a carefully considered review, and the conclusions are justified.

“Mobile phones appear not to cause brain cancer in the first 10-15 years after people start using them.

“Continued research is needed in case there are harmful effects in the longer term, but the news so far is good.”

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Conker tree threat’s story recast

Horse chestnut leaf from Kew's herbarium (Image: David Lees)Closer inspection of Europe’s herbarium collections revealed some surprising results
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Horse chestnut leaf miners were living on natural stands of trees in Greece a century before they were first described by science, a study shows.

The discovery was made by researchers who examined many of Europe’s historic herbarium collections.

They say it offers an insight to the history and origins of the tiny moths, which are blighting many of the continent’s horse chestnuts.

The findings will appear in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment journal.

“It is a moth that has been the target of a lot of research recently because it has been expanding [its range] so fast – much faster than other kinds of leaf-mining moths,” explained co-author David Lees from the French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA).

The larval form of the Cameraria ohridellamoth feed inside the leaves of the white flowering horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum), producing characteristic “mines” between the leaves’ veins.

The creatures do not kill the tree but infested trees may produce smaller conkers.

Dr Lees said C. ohridella was spreading its range by about 60km (40 miles) across Europe each year.

The small but highly invasive moth was first discovered in 1984, and first described by scientists as a genus new to Europe in just 1986. Since then, it has expanded its range across almost all of Europe.

The larvae produce characteristic mines on the white flowering horse chestnut tree’s (Aesculus hippocastanum) leaves. The creatures do not kill the tree but infested trees may, however, produce smaller conkers.

“We recently marked the first quarter century of this blight on horse chestnuts and it is quite amazing that during this time its origin has remained a mystery,” noted Dr Lees, a scientific associate with the Natural History Museum in London.

Unbelievable

“We decided to look at whether specimens of the moth appeared in herbarium collections, so I contacted (co-author) Walter Lack at Berlin Botanic Garden, who had been studying the history of this tree in Europe.

Leaf miners (Image: David Lees)

Horse chestnut leaf miners are spreading their range by 60km each year

Conker trees threatened by moth

“I asked him whether he had come across any mines in his historic herbarium collection. He wrote straight back and said that he did have some, which had been collected in 1928 in Albania. He said that there were spots on the leaves but he had no idea what they were.”

Dr Lees admitted he was very excited when he examined photos of the specimens and saw the outline of a caterpillar mine.

“That’s when we started to look more widely,” he went on. “I went to Kew Gardens (London) and as I was looking through the herbarium there I found a specimen from 1879 which had mines in it. We just could not believe it.”

They also found examples of leaf miners on collections in Paris.

Dr Lees said some of samples of leaf mines had been hidden, as the result of proud botanists attempting to disguise blemishes on their prized leaves.

He also felt there was another reason why the discovery had not been made before: “Disciplines stick to what they know best so entomologists would not necessarily would go to herbariums.”

He explained that the tree has been transported from its native Balkan range and planted throughout Europe since the late 16th Century, so mystery had surrounded why the moth had not “caught up with its dinner sooner”.

“We know that this moth has been distributing very fast since the last 1980s, ever since it somehow got to Austria,” Dr Lees said.

The arrival of roads in areas within the moths’ original range played a part, he suggested.

“The pupae hibernate in the mine (on a leaf), and they are able to be transported in trucks.”

Before this, the distribution was unlikely to have be widespread because the moths were not able fly far enough to extend their range.

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Antimatter mystery gains ground

DZero detectorThe Dzero team is also part of a mystery about a potential new particle
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US particle physicists are inching closer to determining why the Universe exists in its current form, made overwhelmingly of matter.

Physics suggests equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have been made in the Big Bang.

In 2010, researchers at the Tevatron accelerator claimed preliminary results showing a small excess of matter over antimatter as particles decayed.

The team has submitted a paper showing those results are on a firmer footing.

Each of the fundamental particles known has an antimatter cousin, with identical properties but opposite electric charge.

When a particle encounters its antiparticle, they “annihilate” each other, disappearing in a high-energy flash of light.

The question remains: why did this not occur in the early Universe with the equal amounts of matter and antimatter, resulting in a Universe devoid of both?

The Tevatron results come from a shower of particles produced at the facility when smashing protons into their antimatter counterparts, antiprotons.

The proton-antiproton collisions in turn create a number of different particles, and the team operating the Tevatron’s DZero detector first noticed a discrepancy in the decay of particles called B mesons.

Statistics of a ‘discovery’

Two-pence piece

Particle physics has an accepted definition for a “discovery”: a five-sigma level of certaintyThe number of sigmas is a measure of how unlikely it is that an experimental result is simply down to chance rather than a real effectSimilarly, tossing a coin and getting a number of heads in a row may just be chance, rather than a sign of a “loaded” coinThe “three sigma” level represents about the same likelihood of tossing more than eight heads in a rowFive sigma, on the other hand, would correspond to tossing more than 20 in a rowA five-sigma result is highly unlikely to happen by chance, and thus an experimental result becomes an accepted discovery

These decayed into pairs of particles called muons alongside pairs of their antimatter versions, antimuons. But, as the team reported in May 2010 in a paper published in Physical Review Letters, there was a notable 1% excess of the matter particles.

However, unpicking important events in the soup of interactions created in particle physics experiments meant that those measurements were associated with a level of uncertainty – reflecting the probability that the effect they see is a random statistical occurrence, rather than new physics.

The researchers now have 50% more data to work with, and have tried to establish that their earlier result in fact came from the particle decays that they first proposed.

As they reported this Thursday, they have now reduced the uncertainty in their experiment to a level of 3.9 sigma – equivalent to a 0.005% probability that the effect is a fluke.

But particle physics has a strict definition for what may be called a discovery – the “five sigma” level of certainty, or about a 0.00003% chance that the effect is not real – which the team must show before they can claim to have solved the long-standing matter/antimatter mystery.

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Hopes for online conservationists

Orangutan and baby (Image: PA)The programme concentrates on a diverse range of species, not just charismatic ones
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A UK zoo has launched a website that it hopes will help bridge a growing divide between young people and conservation.

Chester Zoo’s Act for Wildlife site hopes social media, video and blogs will increase gadget-obsessed youngsters’ interest in wildlife.

It will allow users to find out more about the effort to save species, put questions to staff working around the globe and follow their fieldwork.

Organisers hope it will help establish a network of online conservationists.

The zoo commissioned a poll that showed that 66% of adults felt that 10-year-olds were more interested in technology than wildlife.

The survey of 2,094 adults, conducted by YouGov, also found that 94% of adults felt that biodiversity conservation was important, yet only 15% actively helped a cause.

“The survey is a somewhat depressing summary of the world today,” said Dr Mark Pilgrim, Chester Zoo’s director general.

“While we are playing with games or chatting to our friends online, somewhere in the world at the same time, a rhino is being poached for its horn or a species is facing a battle for survival in its own territory.”

Starting at home

As well as supporting work to protect species such as orangutans, Asian elephants and black rhinos, Act for Wildlife has also included a project called UK Wildlife.

“Although it is not the sort of work people would normally associated with a zoo, we are a UK-based organisation, and we must not forget that conservation also needs to start at home,” explained project manager Michelle Duma.

“It is no good us going out and working on projects in Africa or Asia and getting people to care about their wildlife, if we cannot do that here in the UK.”

Ms Duma told BBC News that a web-based resource was “absolutely the way to go”.

“Not only does it allow our zoo visitors to go online and see what is happening and keep up to date with our projects, but it also means that we can broaden our reach and talk to the whole of the UK and further afield,” she said.

“The projects that Act for Wildlife is supporting are sending us regular updates on what they have been up to, information about themselves. What we are trying to do is for project members to tell their story themselves.”

One example was project members in Assam, India, posting images of their work with local villages to reduce conflicts between people and elephants.

“Then people can ask questions and engage in a conversation,” Ms Duma added. “If they want to know more about a particular thing, they just have to ask.”

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Two universities could go private

Students in a lectureThere will be more competition for students in the changing system

Two English universities are actively considering becoming private institutions, research suggests.

This would mean they would no longer get direct funding for research or teaching from the government.

The government has said it wants to open up the system to private providers of higher education.

The two universities, which have not been named, took part in a survey of vice chancellors by management consultants PA Consulting Group.

The authors of the survey say the institutions are not part of the Russell Group, which represents some of the UK’s leading universities.

They contacted the vice chancellors of 165 universities and received responses from 65.

The authors say a “substantial minority” of institutions (just over 20 of those which responded) want to minimise their dependence on government-controlled activities.

Co-author Mike Boxall said there were probably more than two institutions which were actively looking at whether to go private.

“It’s probably on the top of the agenda for a number of universities,” he said.

“It’s in the public domain that the LSE has actively considered it. There are probably more than [the two universities] for whom it will be an active thing.

“It’s more about universities looking at widening their base and thinking about where to build their business.

“The publicly-regulated area is not offering a lot of growth for universities.”

The Universities Minister David Willetts has talked of wanting to “open up the system” and the higher education White Paper, published earlier this week, sets out ways the government aims to do that.

Private institutions are being encouraged to compete with publicly-funded institutions to offer places.

In total, a quarter of all undergraduate university places will be up for grabs – unlike the present system where individual institutions are given funding for a set allocation of places.

New legislation will allow students to borrow the maximum annual undergraduate tuition fee of £9,000 as long as the institution (publicly-funded or private) agrees to abide by regulations on fair access, quality and student complaints.

Changes to university funding mean teaching grants are being largely cut. Funding is expected to come more directly from students and their increased tuition fees.

Critics say this will mean departments – and even universities – closing, and ministers have said that they accept some institutions might fail.

Two universities which took part in the survey said they feared they might not exist in ten years’ time.

The researchers at the PA Consulting Group said some universities were “still distinctly nervous”, with 11 out of the 65 which took part in the survey saying they were concerned about shortages of investment funds and staff.

And about 20 of the universities said they expected the increase in tuition fees to lead to a “significant reduction in student demand”.

Overall, Mr Boxall said that after a period of anger and upheaval over the changes in higher education, many universities were now “feeling quite bullish”.

“After a lot of change in the cost structure, a number are feeling that they have come out the other side. A lot of institutions have a lot of cash and a big chunk of the sector is in good shape.”

He said institutions were looking at various growth strategies, particularly further expansion into the international market.

This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.

Pick of the Parliamentary week

Our selection of the big moments, best speeches and quips from politicians in Westminster and the devolved institutions.

This article is from the BBC News website. © British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.

Google faces ‘wire tapping’ case

Street View camera, AFP/GettyGoogle’s Street View cars took snaps and scooped up data from wi-fi networks
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Google could be sued for scooping up data from open wi-fi networks after a US court ruling.

A judge in San Francisco decided that the company’s actions may have violated federal laws on wire tapping.

Google had tried to have the class action lawsuit thrown out, claiming that anyone could have intercepted the wireless signals.

It had previously admitted collecting the data by mistake while gathering images for its Street View service.

Since the blunder was revealed, Google has stopped its Street View cars logging wi-fi networks.

The problem was discovered in 2010 when German data protection officials asked the company what information its Street View photography cars were collecting.

As well as taking panoramic images, it emerged that they also logged wi-fi networks to help with the search firm’s location services.

That involved sampling packets of data from wireless hotspots. On open, unencrypted networks the system grabbed logins, passwords and other personal details. About 600MB of data was collected in 30 countries.

At the time, Google apologised for its action, blaming a coding error, and pledged to delete the data.

The revelation led to investigations in several countries. France fined Google 100,000 euros (£87,000) over the breach.

In the US, a class action lawsuit was brought on behalf of plaintiffs from nine states. The case is being heard in California where Google’s headquarters is located.

The company tried to have the case dismissed on the grounds that the data gathering was inadvertent. It also said that anyone could have intercepted the transmissions.

“the law doesn’t clearly cover that issue right now and that the law is really a mess.”

Jim Dempsey Center for Democracy and Technology

US District Court Judge James Ware disagreed and said that just because a wi-fi network was open did not mean it was meant to be public.

“Merely pleading that a network is unencrypted does not render that network readily accessible to the general public,” Judge Ware wrote in his decision.

The fact that Google used some specialist equipment meant it was was liable for prosecution under federal wire tap laws.

Judge Ware threw out several other elements of the complaint against Google, relating to state laws on wire tapping and unfair competition.

In a statement, the company dismissed the claims and said it would consider the latest ruling before deciding whether to launch an appeal.

US laws on wire tapping were in need of updating, said Jim Dempsey, a privacy expert at the Center for Democracy & Technology.

The laws were last updated in the late 1980s to address such things as CB radio and baby monitors, he said.

“I don’t think anyone doubts that it should be illegal to intercept someone’s communications,” said Mr Dempsey.

“But I think it’s equally clear that the law doesn’t clearly cover that issue right now and that the law is really a mess.”

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