NextJS – SyntaxError: Unexpected token < in JSON at position 0

I have NextJS project deployed in Vercel. The last deployment happened last week and everything was working fine.
Strangely, today I got SyntaxError: Unexpected token < in JSON at position 0 out of nowhere for pages with dynamic routing. I know this has something to do with JSON.stringify(), but problem is – it didn’t happen once I redeployed without any changes.

I’m confused why this happened and how can I mitigate it in future.

I’m using NEXT JS 13.4.6